A formative assessment refers to measurements and conclusions that are made during the course of a learning program. It is intended to determine whether or not an existing learning program is functioning satisfactorily or should be modified before it is completed. A summative assessment refers to measurements made at the end of a learning unit or learning program. They result in final judgements about the achievement of learners and the effectiveness of learning activities.
Criterion-referenced assessments are intended to determine whether or not a learner has achieved an objectively set level of competence. Norm-referenced assessments are usually selected when learners are studying material for which there is no agreement on what a person must know. Self-referenced assessments are used when the learning goals are personal.
Self-directed learners are sophisticated learners who are often capable of post-formal thought. This is defined as: thinking across theoretical systems, integrating feelings with thoughts, accepting contradiction in what is known, and addressing problems for which there are no single final solutions. These learners want feedback on how successfully they have integrated alternative perspectives into their work. They see educators as colleagues rather than as authorities, and their preference is for self-references assessments and/or critiques.
-TB
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